The Beja-Hadendoa of the 18th c. - final part

This is my last post on the subject of the Beja-Hadendoa and I would like to cover the subject of flags, fortifications and a six nation DBA style campaign.

For the casual reader who missed the first installment, my Colonial Dervish army of the late 19th century had no opponents; no British, French or Abyssinian army. For the past five years, I have focused my efforts and collection around the 18th century and the challenge here was see what I could do with a very large Dervish army. As you will see from the photos, the collection pre-dates the Mahdist rebellion, as none of the Ansar wear patches and actually my saving grace.

Rebasing

The majority of “Ansar” were rebased to represent the hordes of the less inclined, while the “Fuzzy Wuzzy” to warband of the enthusiastic. In DBA terms, the rebasing project delivered; 6 Generals, 11 Cv, 3 LH, 16 Cm, 3 LCm, 24 Hd, 54 Wb, 13 Bd, 20 Ps/Sk/Sh, 2 Ms and 4 baggage elements, bringing a total of 39 mounted and 113 foot elements. Quite a number, so my initial research gleaned army lists from the Renaissance books and any other lists available on the internet to see what could best be used.

The Campaign

Looking at the first map, the major powers at the turn of the 18th century were the Sultanate of Sennar and the Kingdom of Darfur. The Ottomans I already have and Ethiopians were not in the planning, I needed to create my own lists for the “other”. These would represent Beja tribal groupings of the Sudan, chiefly the Ababda, Bisharin (eastern Sudan), Hadendoa (No. of Abyssinia), Beni-Amer (So. Coastal), Amarar (No. Coastal), Shukuria, Hallenga and the Hamran.

So for our campaign, the six nations will represent the Ottomans, the Sultanate of Sennar, the Kingdom of Fung and three Beja groups; the Bisharin, the Amarar and the Hadendoa. With the exception of the Ottomans, the remaining five will come from the generous pool of 152 elements. The infantry Hd and Wb are based 5, 4 or 3 to a base so as to add variation to army composition.

Army standards

I had posed a question about flags and would they have had religious themes or Arabic script. Although some enclaves held to their form of Christianity, the conversion to Islam on the whole had been accomplished by 1600 as all Churches had been converted to Mosques. Those areas which still resisted the change were far south and bordered Abyssinia. So, the Arabic text remains, despite my initial sketches of Saints on horseback or crosses.


Fortifications

This is what I would describe as a “you never know” project; although sieges are handled off-table, perhaps to set a level of ambiance it would be nice to have a fort or fortified position as a BUA. Massawa was the Ottoman Empire’s most Southern fort and my readings of military architecture of the area did find mention of “castles” and forts dotted along the length of the Nile.
With certainty, the Ottoman forts did have artillery, but I could find nothing for the Sultanate or the Kingdom of Fung. Generally, forts were constructed from mud brick and of a sufficient height to deter an escalade.

Campaign background

No actual start date has been set as early 18th century could be described as a period of internal warfare among the Beja tribes, a slow deterioration of the Sultanate as the Kingdom of Fung ascended while the Ottomans remained content sitting on the fence. For game purpose, Khartoum is central to all six kingdoms.

On to battle!
Cheers,

Beja-Hadendoa of the 18th century

Of all my rebasing projects of this month, the Colonial Sudanese were the most difficult; not so much for the work involved, but how should they be rebased.

Originally used for the WRG rule system, I wanted to add these to our growing DBA horse and musket games. I did not want to use them for a 19th century Colonial anymore, but fit them some how into my collection of armies from around the world set in the 18th century. You have only to look at the Battlegames Magazine website under 18th century conflicts and you will find no shortage of possible themes from around the globe.

How do you fit a 19th c. Fuzzy/Ansar collection in the 18th century? Using the DBA-RRR book 3 lists as a benchmark, I searched the internet for more background information of the Funj Empire, Sultanate of Sennar, Kingdom of Darfur and the Beja-Hadendoa. The information I found more than substantiated the transition; not only did the Beja tribes fight amongst themselves, they did hire themselves out as mercenaries and had an occasional scrap with the Ottomans.

Size of armies

Armies were small by comparison to the European theater. Several factors restricted the movement of large numbers of troops; one, poor soil conditions produced insufficient quantities of grains to be requisitioned, two, the ever present disease which kept pack bearing animals to small number and basically, the population was not large enough to sustain a large army. A standard 12 element sized army would be perfect, however, I have more than enough for a dozen armies.

Typical armament

The tribesmen were typically armed with bow, javelin, spear and sword; not much different than what we see modeled as “Fuzzy Wuzzy”. By the early 18th century, trading matchlocks and later flintlocks for slaves brought small numbers of these weapons into the hands of the “Sudanese”. Further reading underscored the advantages of combining all weapon types as those forces solely armed with firearms were helpless against traditional weapons during inclement weather or night attacks.
Army list

As I mentioned above, the DBA-RRR offers a number of useful army list for the region; the Sultanate of Sennar and the Funj Empire, but the Beja are not to be found. Only do the Hadendoa appear as mercenaries on the Funj list (4Wb). For our purposes we need to create some tribal lists for rebel forces to fight the Sennar Sultanate and eventually the Ottoman garrisons (Massawa).

Beja/Hadendoa

The majority of the Beja tribes were pastoral nomadic folk. Infantry would be primarily armed with bow, javelin, spear and sword and with the exception of chieftains or leaders, none would be found mounted although some tribes would use camels to cover long distances and dismount to fight.

Bedouins could supply small numbers of cavalry as would mercenaries bring small numbers of firearms.

For campaign purposes, these could be added to an army as the prestige level of the tribe reaches a certain level. Likewise, the number of Hadendoa troops present as mercenaries on other lists would disappear when the prestige level descends.

A hypothetical list

The tribal force might have the following:
1 Cv or Cm or Bd (general)
6 – 10 Wb Tribesmen
0 – 2 Bd Swordsmen
0 – 4 Ax Spearmen
0 – 3 Bw or Ps Archers
1 – 2 Ps as Scouts or Cattle guards.

To add variation between tribes, I might base the Tribesmen as 3Wb, 4Wb or 5Wb. and their style of dress would add a further distinction; Arab clothing for the tribes along the Nile and traditional wear for the tribes of the interior.

Further, Bedouin allies can supply mounted elements (Cv, Cm, LH and LCm) and mercenaries, the firearms (3Sh or 2Sk)

Possible campaign participants: Funj, Sennar, Darfur, Beja, Hadendoa, Desert Arabs. Ottomans could replace the Kingdom of Darfur.

Cheers,